Executive Summary
This study assessed the ‘wholistic ‘ environmental impact of fast nutrient packaging over the packaging life rhythm, utilizing a instance survey of a McDonald ‘s Big Mac beefburger. The four packaging options were the current packaging option of paper wrap and composition board neckband with unsorted waste trucked to landfill, the current packaging option with increased recycled content and on-site composting of biodegradable waste, a biodegradable amylum beefburger clam with on-site composting of biodegradable waste, and reclaimable porcelain dinnerware with a washup system.
Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA ) methodological analysis was employed to quantify and depict the entire inputs of natural stuffs and energy, and entire end products of solid waste and air and waterborne emanations for the life rhythm of each packaging option. The consequences showed that, of the four tested options, the current paper and composition board option uses the most environmentally-harmful natural stuffs and creates the most solid waste, yet creates the least hydrocarbons and particulates. The paper and composition board option with recycled content and composting creates the most Chemical Oxygen Demand and the least C dioxide. Starch clams produce the most carbon dioxide, S dioxide and Biological Oxygen Demand, but consume the least environmentally-harmful natural stuffs and bring forth the least solid waste. Washable dinnerware uses the most environmentally-benign natural stuffs and creates the most hydrocarbon and particulate emanations, yet creates the least nursery gas emanations and causes the least biodiversity loss and harm to aquatic ecosystem wellness. Hence, no packaging option performed the best in all of the impact classs that could be quantified.
Key environmental impacts are frequently non considered in quantitative LCA surveies because they can non be quantified, but ‘descriptive ‘ LCA can be used to place environmental impacts that are non included in quantitative appraisals, and for placing countries for environmental betterment. This study made such recommendations, including sourcing mush for paper and composition board from station consumer recycled paper, utilizing ‘totally chlorine free ‘ paper, buying energy from renewable beginnings, filtrating air and H2O emanations before discharging, composting biodegradable waste in an on-site composter, and guaranting the excavation of clay and felspar for porcelain does non hold inauspicious effects on biodiversity or groundwater.
Industry
Industry is the overall application of engineering and other resources to the coevals of economic end product by bring forthing goods and services. An industry is any grouping of concerns that portion a common method of bring forthing net incomes, such as the “ building industry ” . The term is besides frequently used to mention to heavy industry.
The undermentioned lineation is provided as an overview of and topical usher to industry:
Kernel of industry
* Business
* Bungalow industry
* Heavy industry
* Light industry
There are four cardinal industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, mostly natural stuff extraction industries such as excavation and agriculture ; the secondary sector, affecting refinement, building, and fabrication ; the third sector, which deals with services ( such as jurisprudence and medical specialty ) and distribution of manufactured goods ; and the quaternate sector, a comparatively new type of cognition industry concentrating on technological research, design and development such as computing machine scheduling, and biochemistry. A 5th quinary sector has been proposed embracing non-profit-making activities. The economic system is besides loosely separated into public sector and private sector, with industry by and large categorized as private. Industries are besides any concern or fabrication.
Industry in the sense of fabrication became a cardinal sector of production and labor in European and North American states during the Industrial Revolution, which upset old mercantile and feudal economic systems through many consecutive rapid progresss in engineering, such as the steel and coal production. It is aided by technological progresss, and has continued to develop into new types and sectors to this twenty-four hours. Industrial states so assumed a capitalist economic policy. Railroads and steam-powered ships began quickly set uping links with antecedently unapproachable universe markets, enabling private companies to develop to then-unheard of size and wealth. Following the Industrial Revolution, possibly a 3rd of the universe ‘s economic end product is derived from fabricating industries—more than agribusiness ‘s portion.
Many developed states ( for illustration the UK, the U.S. , and Canada ) and many developing/semi-developed states ( People ‘s Republic of China, India etc. ) depend significantly on industry. Industries, the states they reside in, and the economic systems of those states are interlinked in a complex web of mutuality.
Major industries
* Aerospace industry
* Agribusiness
o Fishing industry
o Timber industry
o Tobacco industry
* Chemical industry
o Pharmaceutical industry
* Computer industry
o Software industry
* Construction industry
* Defense industry
* Energy industry
o Electrical power industry
o Petroleum industry
* Entertainment industry
* Food industry
* Health attention industry
* Hospitality industry
* Information industry
* Insurance industry
* Fabrication
o Weaponries industry
o Automotive industry
O Pulp and paper industry
o Steel industry
o Toy industry
* Mass media
O Broadcast medium
o Film industry
o Internet
o Music industry
o News media
O Printing
* Telecommunications industry
* Water industry
McDonald ‘s
Amoung nutrient industry fast nutrient sector is chosen for this assignment. Furthermore, McDonalds is chosen as an fast nutrient organisation for the pupose of this undertaking. McDonald ‘s Corporation is the universe ‘s largest concatenation of beefburger fast nutrient eating houses, functioning about 47 million clients daily. At one clip it was the largest planetary eating house concatenation, but it has since been surpassed by multi-brand operator Yum! Trade names ( KFC, Taco Bell and others ) and sandwich concatenation Subway.
In add-on to its signature eating house concatenation, McDonald ‘s Corporation held a minority involvement in Pret A Manger until 2008, and owned the Chipotle Mexican Grill until 2006 and the eating house concatenation Boston Market until 2007.
A McDonald ‘s eating house is operated by either a franchisee, an affiliate, or the corporation itself. The corporation ‘s grosss come from the rent, royalties and fees paid by the franchisees, every bit good as gross revenues in company-operated eating houses. McDonald ‘s grosss grew 27 % over the three old ages stoping in 2007 to $ 22.8 billion, and 9 % growing in runing income to $ 3.9 billion.
McDonald ‘s chiefly sells beefburgers, cheeseburgers, poulet merchandises, French french friess, breakfast points, soft drinks, milk shakes, and sweets. In response to fleshiness tendencies in Western states and in the face of unfavorable judgment over the good health of its merchandises, the company has modified its bill of fare to include healthier options such as salads, wraps and fruit.
Rationale for Selection of McDonald ‘s for the Report
Australia boasts 17,000 fast nutrient mercantile establishments. Of these, McDonald ‘s claims 50 per centum of the market, followed by the Pizza Hut, Taco Bell and KFC ( Ban jambon, 1999 ) , and generates a turnover of $ 1.4 billion per twelvemonth ( Buchhorn and Kent, 1999 ) . This laterality in the market places McDonald ‘s in a extremely influential place in the fast nutrient industry, particularly sing environmental enterprises. For these grounds, this survey will analyze packaging options for a McDonald ‘s Big Mac beefburger as a instance survey.
Internationally, McDonald ‘s was the focal point of a two-and-a-half twelvemonth legal challenge in London by environmental militants who claimed that McDonald ‘s had damaged the environment through rainforest clearance, unneeded packaging and methane emanations from cowss, in add-on to advancing unhealthy nutrient, working youth labour and seeking to ban unfavorable judgment. The Royal Courts of Justice, London, ruled that McDonald ‘s falsely advertised its nutrient as alimentary, risked the wellness of regular, long-run clients, were responsible for inhuman treatment to animate beings, were ‘antipathetic ‘ to brotherhoods, and paid their workers low rewards. However, the suspects failed to turn out their environmental claims ( McSpotlight, 2000, story.html )
In a public papers sketching their environmental committednesss, McDonald ‘s provinces that ‘cost-effective, environmentally-sensitive, responsible concern patterns. . . reflect. . . an environmental scruples ‘ . McDonald ‘s declared end is to utilize the ‘best and most environmentally witting merchandises on the market ‘ , and that packaging is a focal point for waste minimisation ( McDonald ‘s Australia, 1997, p3 ) . To this terminal, McDonald ‘s reduced their solid waste coevals by 33 per centum in 1991 by switching from froth to paper wrap and composition board neckbands ( Greenhouse Challenge, 1998c ) , and is presently the largest user of recycled paper in the Australian eating house industry ( McDonald ‘s, 1997c ) .
In several states, McDonald ‘s eating houses have responded to client force per unit area to implement environmental enterprises. In Nuremburg, Germany, the local metropolis council introduced statute law forestalling the disposal of reclaimable or evitable waste. In response, nine McDonald ‘s mercantile establishments implemented a ‘biowaste ‘ aggregation system to utilize biodegradable and returnable packaging ( Buchhorn and Kent, 1999 ) . Operations in Germany and Austria use biodegradable amylum beefburger boodles and biodegradable maize amylum cutter ( Buchhorn and Kent, 1999 ; Biocorp, 1999 ) . In Thailand and Malaysia, Burgers are frequently served on porcelain home bases, and in Indonesia some drinks are served in washable spectacless ( Summit, J. 2000, pers. comm. , UNSW, 21 Feb. ) . In the United States, there are programs to present biodegradable amylum beefburger boodles to McDonald ‘s mercantile establishments ( Earth Shell, 1999, earthshell.com/html ) .
As the official eating house and a patron of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, McDonald ‘s stated that it was ‘happy. . . to assist do these Games environmentally friendly ‘ ( Hipsley, A. , McDonald ‘s Australia, missive to writer, 2 Sept, 1998 ) . McDonald ‘s was required to develop an incorporate waste direction plan, nevertheless a study one twelvemonth prior to the Olympics by the environmental ‘watchdog ‘ , Green Games Watch 2000, claimed that McDonald ‘s activities did non show an ‘integrated attack ‘ to blow minimisation. Rather, they chose ‘isolated enterprises which have [ Public Relations ] value ‘ ( Buchhorn and Kent, 1999, p34 ) . This study asserted that McDonald ‘s did non perpetrate to initiatives that had been suggested by Australian consumers, including the installing of a composting installation for biodegradable packaging and nutrient waste, and the phasing out of chlorine-bleached paper merchandises from provider contracts ( Buchhorn and Kent, 1999 ) .
Of peculiar relevancy to this research, in early 1998 Newcastle City Council ( NSW ) informed a local McDonald ‘s mercantile establishment that, in order to cut down waste, consent for local site renovation would merely be granted if a washable dinnerware system were installed for eat-in clients ( James, P. and Angel, J. 1998, Letter to Newcastle City Councillors, Green Games Watch 2000 and Entire Environment Centre, 30 Apr ) . The general populace, environment groups and, ab initio, council members supported this move. In a missive to the Council, two environmental groups described the extant one-way litter watercourse as a ‘massive waste of natural resources ‘ . The writers supported Extended Producer Responsibility ( see Section 5.2.4 ) as an effectual method for accomplishing the NSW legislated mark of a 60 per centum decrease in waste. They stated that McDonald ‘s and its consumers should bear the cost of waste aggregation alternatively of the community bearing the cost through rates.
McDonald ‘s threatened legal action in the NSW Land and Environment Court if the council rejected its redevelopment application ( Reiner, 1998 ) . McDonald ‘s stated that a ‘wholistic attack ‘ to turn toing environmental issues would be far more effectual than a individual status affecting the execution of reclaimable nutrient packaging. This sentiment was based on the findings of a literature reappraisal of reclaimable and disposable packaging, published by the Waste Policy Centre, USA and per spinach beets, UK ( Dent, R. , McDonald ‘s Australia, missive to Lord Mayor of Newcastle City Council, 27 Apr, 1998 ) . However, this study clearly states that boxing re-used several hundred times consumes less energy and generates less solid waste and air pollution than disposables. Disposable packaging is merely favorable in footings of decreased H2O use and effluent coevals ( Waste Policy Centre and Perchards, 1996 ) .
To stop this difference, Newcastle City Council and McDonald ‘s signed a Memorandum of Understanding in late 1999 to develop and test environmental enterprises at Newcastle McDonald ‘s mercantile establishments. This program involves implementing environmental enterprises into the mercantile establishments, including new systems to cut down energy and H2O ingestion and waste, and to concentrate on recycling ( McDonald ‘s Australia, 2000, mcdonalds.com.au ) . Although these enterprises will cut down the environmental impact of the environmental impact of these mercantile establishments, no alterations were proposed to the bing packaging options ( McDonald ‘s Australia and City of Newcastle, 1999 ) .
Technology Management
Technology Management is set of direction subjects that allows organisations to pull off its technological basicss to make competitory advantage. Typical constructs used in engineering direction are engineering scheme ( a logic or function of engineering in organisation ) , engineering function ( designation of possible relevant engineerings for the organisation ) , engineering roadmapping ( a limited set of engineerings suited for concern ) , engineering undertaking portfolio ( a set of undertakings under development ) and engineering portfolio ( a set of engineerings in usage ) .
The function of the engineering direction map in an organisation is understand the value of certain engineering for the organisation. Continuous development of engineering is valuable every bit long as there is a value for the client and therefore the engineering direction map in an organisation should be able to reason when to put on engineering development and when to retreat.
Technology Management can besides be defined as the incorporate planning, design, optimisation, operation and control of technological merchandises, procedures and services, a better definition would be the direction of the usage of engineering for human advantage.
The Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering defines Technology Management as the field concerned with the supervising of forces across the proficient spectrum and a broad assortment of complex technological systems. Technology Management plans typically include direction in production and operations direction, undertaking direction, computing machine applications, quality control, safety and wellness issues, statistics, and general direction rules.
Possibly the most important input to our apprehension of engineering is the diffusion of inventions theory developed in the first half of the 20th century. It suggests that all inventions follow a similar diffusion form – best known today in the signifier of an “ s ” curve though originally based upon the construct of a standard distribution of adoptive parents. In wide footings the “ s ” curve suggests four stages of a engineering life rhythm – emerging, growing, mature and ripening.
These four stages are coupled to increasing degrees of credence of an invention or, in our instance a new engineering. In recent times for many engineerings an opposite curve – which corresponds to a worsening cost per unit – has been postulated. This may non turn out to be universally true though for information engineering where much of the cost is in the initial stage it has been a sensible outlook.
The 2nd major part to this country is the Carnegie Mellon Capability Maturity Model. This theoretical account proposes that a series of progressive capablenesss can be quantified through a set of threshold trials. These trials determine repeatability, definition, direction and optimisation. The theoretical account suggests that any organisation has to get the hang one degree before being able to continue to the following.
The 3rd important part comes from Gartner – the research service, it is the hype rhythm, this suggests that our modern attack to marketing engineering consequences in the engineering being over hyped in the early phases of growing.
Taken together these constructs provide a foundation for formalising the attack to pull offing engineering.
Life Cycle Assessment Approach
Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA ) is a technique that assesses the environmental impacts created throughout a merchandise ‘s life rhythm. LCA is besides known as ‘cradle-to-grave ‘ analysis, to stress its wholistic range. LCA incorporates all phases of the merchandise ‘s life, from the ‘cradle ‘ ( natural stuff extraction, farming, seting and feeding ) , through fiction, fabrication, packaging, transit, ingestion, and recycling, to the ‘grave ‘ ( disposal ) ( Environment Canada, 1999, whatislcm.cfm ) . 2 demonstrates the full life rhythm attack of LCA to a service or merchandise, affecting extraction, production and usage, to disposal, reuse and recycling. More late, the term ‘cradle-to-cradle ‘ has been used to stress the continued reuse and recycling of a resource ( Hawkins, 1993 ) . LCA is besides an political orientation intended to alter the manner people think about merchandises. Cradle-to-cradle thought aids consumers in doing a better ethical purchase on environmental evidences, by raising their consciousness of ‘the universe behind the merchandise ‘ ( Hall, M. 1999, pers. comm. , NSW DPWS, 14 Sept. ) .
Life Cycle Assessment evolved chiefly during the 1990s. The beginnings of LCA were in pollution bar, affecting a displacement off from ‘end-of-pipe ‘ controls, towards avoiding the creative activity of pollution at the ‘start-of-pipe ‘ ( see Glossary ) . This focal point was so broadened to include issues and chances in a life rhythm context ( Environment Canada, 1999, whatislcm.cfm ) . With the coming of ‘Ecologically Sustainable Development ‘ ( ESD ) , LCA has been used as a tool to assist accomplish sustainable resource usage and development. ESD encourages development that meets the demands of the current coevals without endangering resources for future coevalss ( Environment Canada, 1999, whatislcm.cfm ) .
LCA practicians have developed database package bundles to help with Life Cycle Assessment, including Semipro 3.1 ( The Netherlands ) , the Boustead Model ( Britain ) , and Gabi ( Germany ) ( Duncan, 1998 ) . These databases are commercially available for a license fee.
The International Organization of Standardization ( ISO ) has produced a series of international voluntary criterions for Environmental Management Systems, jointly known as ISO 14,000. Standards 14,040 to 14,049 list steering rules and patterns, stock list analysis, impact appraisal, and betterment appraisal ( Duncan, 1998 ) . Standard 14,040 provinces that LCA was developed in response to the ‘heightened consciousness ‘ of the importance of environmental protection, and the possible impacts associated with fabrication and consuming merchandises ( ISO 14040, 1998 ) . This standard identifies cardinal utilizations of LCA, including:
* placing chances to better the environmental facets of merchandises at assorted points in their life rhythm ;
* helping decision-making in industry, governmental or non-governmental administrations ; and
* supplying relevant indexs of environmental public presentation for environmental claims and eco-labelling strategies ( ISO 14040, 1998 ) .
To supply uniformity in LCAs, the ISO criterions require all LCAs to spell out the end and range of the survey, and supply an stock list analysis, an impact appraisal and an reading of consequences ( ISO 14040, 1998 ) . The ISO criterions discuss restrictions inherent to LCA, viz. the premises made to restrict the survey to a specific length, and the limitations of informations handiness, handiness and quality ( ISO 14040, 1998 ) . LCA is besides restricted by value-judgements and available scientific cognition ( ISO14042-3, 1999 ) .
Execution of Life Cycle Assessment
Phases 1 and 2: Purpose and Descriptive Assessment
All LCAs get down by developing a clear purpose. The following phase of the LCA descriptively assesses the boundaries and parametric quantities that limit the survey. The most common method used for this appraisal is ‘purposive trying ‘ , utilizing several instance surveies to progress the research. These instance surveies are chosen for their rightness, instead than randomly ( Minichiello et al.. , 1995 ) , and are those instances anticipated to be ‘information-rich ‘ ( Baxter and Eyles, 1997, p513 ) . These instance surveies represent specific facets of the merchandise or service being studied, and enable the research worker to find what can and can non be quantified. Impacts that can non be easy quantified numerically, such as loss of biodiversity, are addressed in the concluding consequences through narrative descriptions ( American Institute of Architects, 1998 ) .
To descriptively find the type of impacts that a merchandise is expected to make, it is easy to develop a tabular array to clearly expose the information ( American Institute of Architects, 1998 ) . The illustration shown in Table 1 is adapted from a tabular array of the impacts of excavation stuffs for porcelain industry. The environmental ‘stressor ‘ , such as fuel burning, consequences finally in an ‘impact ‘ , such as respiratory piece of land infections. The concluding column describes whether quantification of the stressor is hard or non possible, therefore taking into the following measure that develops a quantitative LCA.
Table 1: Descriptive Assessment of Tile Materials Acquisition
Activity
Stressor
Impact/ Stressor
Impact/ Stressor
Impact/ Stressor
Quantifiable?
Mining of clay, silicon oxide, talc, china clay, felspar, glass sand, limestone, sodium carbonate ash, gypsum, and Fe ore, and assorted other minerals
Shadowings waste
Overflow
Increased turbidness
Increased benthal deposition
Increased Human body
Deoxygenation
Loss of faunal diverseness
Possible Fishkill
Yes
Difficult
Yes
Land perturbation
Soil eroding
Runoff ( see impacts above )
Habitat change
Loss of home ground
Speciess extinction
Loss of biodiversity
Difficult
Difficult
Overflow
( see impacts above )
Fuel burning emanations
VOCs
Ground-level ozone ( smog )
Respiratory piece of land jobs
Decreased visibleness
Eye annoyance
Difficult
Yes
Difficult
Sulfur dioxide
Respiratory piece of land
Problems, and lung
Damage
Acid precipitation
Surface H2O
acidification
Reduced reproduction
Fishkill
Yes
Difficult
Yes
Tree/crop harm
Materials corrosion
Difficult
Yes
Carbon dioxide
Greenhouse consequence
Global heating
Yes
Carbon monoxide
Human wellness jeopardies ( cardiovascular,
nervous, and
pneumonic systems )
Difficult
Nitrogen oxides
Ground-level ozone ( smog )
Respiratory piece of land jobs
Decreased visibleness
Eye annoyance
Difficult
Yes
Difficult
Acid precipitation
Surface H2O
acidification
Reduced reproduction
Fishkill
Yes
Difficult
Yes
Tree/crop harm
Materials corrosion
Difficult
Yes
Particulates
Eye and pharynx annoyance
Bronchitis
Lung harm
Impaired visibleness
Difficult
Difficult
Difficult
Yes
( Adapted from the American Institute of Architects, 1998 )
Phases 3 and 4: Quantitative Appraisal and Life Cycle Inventory
The following phase of LCA is to quantitatively analyze the merchandise or service. This ab initio requires the range and issues to be defined, and the premises, considerations and informations beginnings used to be listed. Datas are collected from primary industrial beginnings, which are the most accurate and specific, or from publicly-available LCA paperss. Raw, unweighted LCA informations are displayed in a Life Cycle Inventory.
To compare merchandises or systems, LCA requires each merchandise to hold the same ‘functional unit ‘ . The functional unit in this survey is the ingestion of 8575 Big Macs, with a entire weight of 165.36 kilograms, by eat-in clients. This is tantamount to about one hebdomad of operations for an mean McDonald ‘s mercantile establishment at an Olympic site.
A Life Cycle Inventory comprehensively includes all the inputs and end products of stuff and energy, every bit good as environmental releases. 3 describes how all relevant facets of the life rhythm of a merchandise or service are arranged into a Life Cycle Inventory.
Life Cycle includes
· natural stuffs acquisition ;
· fabrication, processing and preparation ;
· distribution and transit ;
· use/reuse/maintenance ;
· waste direction
( Frame represents a closed
Systems boundary )
Inputs Outputs
Energy Main Product
Natural Materials Solid Waste
Airborne Emissions Waterborne Emissions
( Adapted from Environment Canada, 1999, whatislcm.cfm ) .
In order to better analyze the environmental impact of a merchandise, the input and end product informations are presented in the ‘impact classs ‘ . Eco Indicator 95 ( see Section 5.2.2 ) is one method by which impacts are sorted into impact classs, so normalised or weighted to let for easy comparing between the badness of impacts ( Goedkoop, 1995 ) .
This survey will utilize the Eco Indicator 95 impact classs, but will non normalise or burden the consequences. This is because there are deficient informations in specific classs, and because extra impact classs have been used that are non included in the Eco Indicator 95 ‘s weighting government. Both these restrictions prevent comprehensive normalized and weighted consequences.
The undermentioned Eco Indicator impact classs and sub-categories will be used in this survey:
* Greenhouse Gas Emissions ( Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, and Hydrocarbons ( including methane ) ) ;
* Acidification ( Sulfur dioxide and Nitrogen oxide ) ; and
* Smog ( Sulfur dioxide, Nitrogen oxide and Particulates ) ( Goedkoop, 1995 ) .
In add-on, these impact classs and sub-categories will besides be used:
* Biodiversity Loss ( Potentially Harmful and Benign Raw Material Consumption, Water ingestion, and Waste to Landfill ) ;
* Fossil Fuel Depletion ( Energy Consumption ) ; and
Aquatic Ecosystem Health ( Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Suspended Solids, Sulfur-based.
LCA and MacDonald ‘s Performance
This study demonstrated LCA as a tool for quantifying and depicting environmental impacts to heighten environmentally-concerned decision-making. LCA was employed with professional cogency ; following international guidelines outlined by ISO 14040, and confer withing experts in the Australian LCA field. These experts included Tim Grant of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology ‘s Centre for Design ( 28 Oct. , 1999 ) , Murray Hall of Energy and Environmental Services, NSW Department of Public Works and Services ( 14 Sept. and 24 Nov, 1999 ; 8 Feb. , 2000 ) , and Karli James of the Cooperative Research Centre for Food and Packaging ( 16 Sept. , 1999 ) . The packaging options were examined within the industry and authorities ‘s current model of the National Packaging Covenant. Additionally, the pertinence of LCA to complementary schemes was explored, such as Extended Producer Responsibility and Cleaner Production. Due to bearing the restrictions of a university survey, the defects of the informations were critically described and the premises listed.
The appraisal revealed that the washable porcelain dinnerware, the packaging option disputed by McDonald ‘s, had a lower environmental impact than the other options in many classs. However, this option besides had serious environmental impacts, therefore showing that none of the tested options were finally the ‘best ‘ , but that ‘trade-offs ‘ must frequently be made, depending on the environmental impacts that are considered of import in the local country, regionally, or globally.
Role of Manager to Support the Management of Technology
* Follow the operational & A ; procedural guidelines related to pull off a engineering
* Work with earnestness & A ; honestness to larn the engineering
* Get proper preparation to pull off the new engineering in the organisation Role of Organization to Support the Management of Technology
* Provide necessary fiscal & A ; human resources to pull off new engineering
* Arrange necessary preparation for employees about the direction of new engineering
* Hire advisers & A ; experts to pull off a new engineering in the organisation
* Provide operational support to employees for pull offing the engineering
Mentions
* ANZEC ( 1991 ) National Packaging Guidelines for Australia. Sydney. Australia and New Zealand Environment Council.
* Boustead, I. and Hancock, G.F. ( 1979 ) , Handbook of Industrial Energy Analysis. Chi Chester. John Wiley and Sons.
* Bateman, B. C. ( 1997 ) , ‘Witness Statement of Director, Business and Environment for the British Paper and Board Industry Federation ‘ , McDonald ‘s Pty Ltd vs. Steel and Morris. & lt ; www.mclibel.org & gt ; , 1997 ( October, 1999 )
* Duncan, K. ( 1998 ) , Starch Australasia Limited Environmental Management System Proposal. NSW. University of NSW Environmental Engineering Masters thesis.
* Earth Shell ( 1999 ) , Earth Shell Corporation website. & lt ; www.earthshell.com/html & gt ; , ( November, 1999 ) .
* Ecosol ( 1995 ) , Ecocide- the Worldwide Resource for LCA. & lt ; www.ecosite.co.uk/depart/ecosol.htm & gt ; , 1995 ( September, 1999 ) .
* Ecosol ( 1995 ) , Ecocide- the Worldwide Resource for LCA. & lt ; www.ecosite.co.uk/depart/ecosol.htm & gt ; , 1995 ( September, 1999 ) .
· Kropsu-Vehkapera, H. , Haapasalo, H. & A ; Rusanen, J-P. ( 2009 ) . “ Analysis of Technology Management Functions in Finnish High Tech Companies ” . The Open Management Journal 2: 1–10.
* Poremski, H-J. ( 1993 ) , “Principles and William claude dukenfields of Application of Life Cycle Assessment” , Purim Conference, Malaysia.
* Ruston, J.F. and Denison, R.A. , ‘Assessing the Full Costs and Benefits of Curbside Recycling ‘ , The Wall Street Journal. January 19. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.edf.org/pubs/Reports/advrec.html & gt ; , 1995 ( October, 1999 )
* Ryan, J.C. and During, A.T. ( 1997 ) , Stuff- The Secret Lives of Everyday Things. Washington. Northwest Environment Watch.
* U.N.S.W. Environment Management Program ( 1999 ) , UNSW Environmental Management Program Website & lt ; www.emp.unsw.edu.au & gt ; , ( November, 1999 ) .