A Critical Evaluation of the Object Relations Theories of Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott.
Klein describes conflicting forces within the mind, detailing how they interact with every bit conflicting external forces, bring forthing a mental construction understood in footings of relationships. The cardinal elements of her theory are the “death instinct” and the “paranoid skitzoid position” , in which portion objects are created by dividing. Along with the “depressive position” which arises upon the kid gaining those portion objects are really whole objects, ( Frosh, 1987 ) .
In the depressive place guilt makes its visual aspect, as the kid ‘s realizes that the object of its covetous onslaughts is besides the object that it loves ( Segal 1992 ) . Along with guilt the kid feels gratitude towards the female parent and therefore the desire for reparation arises. It is this struggle between love and hatred, torn by conflicting desires for the caring saving of others against the malicious devastation of others that Klein saw as being cardinal to the human experience ( Greenberg, 1983 ) .
I am talking of an unconditioned struggle between love and hatred, I am connoting that the capacity both for love and destructive urges is, to some extent, constitutional, although changing separately in strength and interacting from the get downing with external conditions.
( Klein, 1957, p180 ( Frosh, 1987 ) )
Winnicott did non bring forth a consistent theoretical construction he did germinate thoughts which have stood the trial of clip ( Gomez, 1988 ) . His thought ‘s being centred around dependance conflicting with the phases of “absolute, comparative and toward” independency ( Jacobs, 1995 ) . With kids get downing life in “absolute dependence” , and the female parent in a province of “primary maternal pre-occupation” ( Winnicott, 1965 ) by assisting to incorporate the kid ‘s crude torments ( Jacobs, 1995 ) supplying a ‘holding enviroment ‘ for the babies sense of ‘omnipotent illusion ‘ ( Stevens, 1996 ) .
Potential Space
Transitional Objects
This provides a sense of trust and goodness in the universe taking to the “capacity to be alone” and “play” . ( Stevens, 1996 ) . Within the kingdom of “potential space” , facilitated by “transitional objects” Winnicott proposed misdirection of encroachments encourages development of a false ego covering and falsifying the kid ‘s true ego ( Jacobs, 1995 ) .
KLEIN MAIN BODY
DEATH INSTINCT 94
Klein considered the decease inherent aptitude is the cardinal beginning of perturbations in a kid ‘s experiences ( Frosh, 1987 ) Klein argued that early channelling of the decease inherent aptitude must take topographic point for the baby to last ( Greenberg, 1983 ) , suggesting that even in good nurturing environment kids still see frights and anxiousnesss making aggressive and destructive emotions ( Frosh, 1987 ) . Winnicott doubted Klein ‘s keeping of Freud ‘s decease inherent aptitudes ( Winnicott, 1965 ) , sing the constructs to be otiose instead than incorrect ( Gomez, 1988 ) . And Kernberg ( 1969 ) proposed the decease inherent aptitude could be dropped without damaging her other presentations due to the “total deficiency of clinical evidence” back uping an unconditioned decease inherent aptitude ( Segal, 1992 ) .
PHANTASY 106
Klein thought the decease replete contamination ‘s kids ‘s illusion ‘s ( Frosh, 1987 ) , with esthesiss being interpritated as unconscious illusion ‘s based on innate cognition and experience ( Hinshelwood, 1991 ) . Unconscious phantasy differs from Fantasy, being a vaguer, crude composing of images and esthesiss at a pre-linguistic phase, taking topographic point on an unconscious degree ( Hough, p88 ) .
Klein proposed kids view the external universe through illusions, non comprehending things as they are ( Segal, 1992 ) , and observed kids ‘s lives to be dominated by unconscious and sometimes witting illusions about parental gender ( Segal, 1981 ) .
Unconscious illusions underlie every mental procedure and attach to all mental activity. They are mental representations of those bodily events in the organic structure which comprise the inherent aptitudes, and are physical esthesiss interoperated as relationships with objects that cause those esthesiss.
A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought ( Hinshelwood, 1991 )
Guntrip ( 1971 ) accused Klein of picturing the objects of human passion as surreal, without existent connexion to other people, counterclaiming this statement is Klein ‘s often adverting the importance of existent others ( Greenberg, 1983 ) .
SPLITTING 84 words
When phantasies and perceptual experiences are unbroken apart babies split both the object and themselves ( Segal, 1992 ) , this splitting is a defense mechanism tactic originating from projective and introjective defense mechanism mechanisms ( Frosh, 1987 ) . Seeking to disinherit and distance either projection created anxiousness bring oning objects or hostile elements the head frequently resorts to this disasociative psychic procedure ( Likerman, p88 ) . Klein viewed the head as inherently split, unlike others who propose the heads initial integrity which becomes divided by experiences ( Frosh, 1987 ) , utmost splitting can go a menace at times due to it ‘s terrifyingly persecuting nature ( Segal, 1992 ) .
Part OBJECTS 99 words
Dividing creates portion objects which are considered to be manners of associating instead than the edifice blocks of illusion. ( Gomez, 1988 ) . Klein considered the original portion object to be the female parents breast ( Hinshelwood, 1991 )
It may look funny that the bantam kid ‘s involvement should be limited to a portion of a individual instead than the whole, but one must bear in head foremost of all that the kid has an highly developing capacity for perceptual experience, physical and mental, and so… .. the kid is merely concerned with his immediate satisfactions. ( Klein 1936, p290 )
( Hinshelwood, 1991 )
Necessitating to do sense of the pandemonium of the universe a kid makes the division between good and bad, with both classs kept far apart as Klein belived that it was more of import to achive some order than to absorb an accurate reading of world ( Gomez, 1988 ) . Astor ( 1989 ) challenged this based on observations, claiming the chest is ab initio whole, subsequently going portion of the whole organic structure before going a combined object ( Jacobs, 1995 ) .
PARANOID SKITZOID POSITION
Klein proposed the paranoiac skitzoid place as the first organisation of experience in everyone ‘s early old ages, being maintained episodically throughout life. She considered a clear differentiation between bad and good objects of import, being maintained with the both extremes polarized in emotional tone and conceptual organisation ( Black, p91-3 ) .
As respects dividing of the object, we have to retrieve that in provinces of satisfaction love feelings turn towards the gratifying chest, while in provinces of defeat hatred and persecutory anxiousness attach themselves to the frustrating chest. This double relation, connoting a division between love and hatred in relation to the object, can merely be maintained by dividing the chest into its good and bad facets.
With the splitting of the object, idealisation is bound up, for the good facets of the chest are exaggerated as a precaution against the fright of the persecuting chest.
Paranoia is the persecutory fright of invasive external melevolance, and skitzoid refers to the splitting of good and bad. It is considered a place being a cardinal manner of explicating experience, enabling persons to associate to others from the different positions of oneself, instead than being a passing stage ( Black, p91-3 ) .
PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION 98
Projective identifcation describes extensions of splitting in which parts of the self-importance are separated from the ego and projected into objects ( Greenberg, 1983 ) . By seting bad qualities into another, the other is considered to possess the bad qualities which they can non stand in themselves.
A “phantasy remote from consciousness” that entails a belief in certain facets of the ego being located elsewhere.
A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought ( Hinshelwood, 1991 )
Bing a really deep split creates amplified perceptual experiences of people and emotions as they can non be regulated by their antonyms. ( Segal, 1992 ) . Ogden ( 1979 ) proposed projective designation to be a treble procedure, foremost fring oneself of internally assailing objects, so projecting phantasy into receiver through interactions with the receiver eventually sing themselves as they are pictured in the projection ( Fineill, 1985 ) .
CONTAINMENT 61
Klein derived containment from projective designation, where one individual in a sense contains portion of another, when a kid splits off their frights and contains them in an object. Klein proposed that if these split frights are allowed to repose in the female parent for long plenty so they can be modified and safely reintrojected, sing this the beginning of mental stableness ( Hinshelwood, 1991 ) .
Whole OBJECTS 95
When ‘good ‘ and ‘bad ‘ portion objects are realized as single objects they are considered whole objects. As whole objects are realized the kid begins to understand that others have mixed feelings and emotions, and besides begins to comprehend that others can endure, ensuing in the kid no longer specifying others by its ain demands and feelings ( Hinshelwood, 1991 ) .
Appreciating the female parent as an person and seeing her as an whole object, the female parent becomes no longer merely a vechle for drive satisfaction, but alternatively an “other” with whom the kid is able to keep a personal relationships ( Greenberg, 1983 ) .
Envy 99
Envy is a two individual emotion, experienced upon recognizing the inability of being every bit good as the good object. This hatred directed towards good objects, and the kid ‘s desire to destruct the beginning of goodness due to “envy” of its independency ( Greenberg, 1983 ) , This phantasised devastation of the good object terrifies the kid because it destroys the possibility of hope ( Greenberg, 1983 ) . Bing projective, by seeking to set badness in to the good object to destruct it ( Frosh, p125 ) .
It is a destructive onslaught on the beginning of life, on the good object, non on the bad object, and it is to be distinguished from ambivalency and from defeat. It is held to be unconditioned in beginning as portion of the instinctual gift, and requires the mechanism of dividing as an initial defense mechanism operating at the beginning.
A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought ( Hinshelwood, 1991 )
Winnicott, Bowlby and Fairburn took issue with Klein ‘s perceptual experience of kids possessing unconditioned feelings of aggression towards the female parent ( Segal, 1992 ) , sing enviousness a merchandise of teasing mothering ( Adams, 1988 )
DEPRESSIVE POSITION 126
The depressive place is considered a manner of covering with anxiousness originating from the decease inherent aptitude ( Segal, 1992 ) , being a combination of illusions and attitudes get downing about three months. This involves intergrating experiences instead than dividing them ( Segal, p38 ) , where loving and hateful dealingss are unified in whole objects ( Greenberg, 1983 ) and the kid gives up its almighty universe position ( Hinshelwood, 1991 ) .
Depressive anxiousness is based on the destiny of others both internally and externally. Not merely being the kid ‘s reaction against its ain destructiveness, but a echt look of love and sorrow, developing into gratitude for the female parents goodness. Alternitivly Racker claims that both depressive and paranoid skitzoid anxiousnesss are due to kids ‘s intense desire for their female parents love ( Greenberg, 1983 ) and Winnicott preferred the term “concern” sing the babies protective feelings toward their female parents ( Jacobs, 1995 ) .
GRATITUDE 22
Klein considered that love and gratitude are unconditioned, with sweet objects heightening gratitude and love and frustrating objects arousing paranoia and hatred ( Hinshelwood, 1991 )
REPERATION 59
Reperation is considered the strongest component of the originative and constructive impulses ( Hinshelwood, 1991 )
It is in the depressive place when Klein proposes that guilt makes its visual aspect. Klein considered that a kid ‘s aggression gave rise to anxiousness as it conflicts with the powerful loving urges, these loving urges proposed by Klein are frequently overlooked by those wishing to knock Klein ( Segal, 1992 )
Winnicott
Absolute Dependence 110
Winnicott said: –
There is no such thing as a babe… If you set out to depict a babe, you will happen you are depicting a babe and person. A babe can non be entirely, but is basically portion of a relationship” ( Winnicott, 1947 ) ( Stevens, 1996 )
During the phase of absolute dependance Winnicott considered the female parents province to be “Primary Maternal Pre-ocupatoin” a really early sage of emotional development where she feels the babe is a portion of herself, go forthing the babe with no agencies of consciousness of stuff commissariats ( Winnicott, 1965 ) .
Therefore non distinguishing between itself and its environment ( Gomez, 1988 ) , the kid can merely gain or endure from perturbation being unable to derive control over how things are done. But dispite the babies physical dependance, psychologically it is paradoxically dependent and independent ( Winnicott, 1965 ) . Winicott considerd the development of a strong self-importance to be dependant on the female parents ability to run into the early absolute dependance of the baby ( Jacobs, 1995 )
Crude torments
Winnicotts crude torments are a description of the kid ‘s fright of traveling to pieces and everlastingly falling, holding no relation to the organic structure with no orientation in the universe while in complete isolation with no agencies of communicating. These may surface in ulterior life as psychotic or borderline-state anxiousnesss ( Gomez, p88-89 ) . He claimed the good plenty female parent creates a keeping enviroment capable of incorporating these unthinkable anxiousness enabling stable self-importance development ( Jacobs, 1995 ) .
Keeping Impingment
Winnicotts mention to retention is both physical retention and the kids enviroment ( Winnicott, 1965 ) . Where the female parents creates the infinite and ability to ease the kid ‘s originative and inventive ego, while the kid forms the object dealingss that it needs. This is dependent in portion on the satisfaction that the female parent is able derive from associating to and easing her kid ‘s internal struggling. ( Newman, p789 ) cut downing encroachments to a lower limit, with favorable conditions the baby is able to set up continuity in its existance
The enviroment does non do the kid. At best it enables the kid to recognize possible. ( Winnicott, 1965 )
Impingment ‘s interruption the continuity of the babies being, and changeless impingments disrupt the kids ability to intergrate, promoting future mental jobs ( Winnicott, 1965 ) , Impingement anxiousness is a merchandise of environmental failure ( newman, p790 )
Winnicott considered Klein ‘s covetous babe to be the merchandise of a failed retention enviroment ( Adams, 1988 ) . Condidering the kid as more benign, exploited merchandise of its enviroment ( Greenberg, 1983 ) . In contrast Winnicott, Klein considered the kid ‘s internal environment to rule the kid ‘s interactions with the universe.
False Self
In unreceptive enviroments Winnicott argued that kids can non keep echt demands and wants, because the caretakers agenda must be dealt with by the kid. Thus the kid shapes themselves harmonizing to the cartakers vision, compliently making a false ego ( Michell, p105 ) , a witting, compliant version of the ego, which under certain conditions fells and protects the ‘true ego ‘ in the unconscious ( Stevens, p312 ) . This is due to the double malignant introjection foremost of the faulty caretaker who is either excessively narcacistic or excessively controlling and secondly the caretakers incapacity to pull off the kid ‘s attendant reactions to their deficits taking to the kid ‘s internalisation of both the dissatisfactory parent and the parents inability to cover with the dissapointment, this impingment leads to the development of a ‘false ego ‘ to cover with the anxiousness created by this state of affairs ( newman, p791 )
True Self
Winnicott considered the detached “Me” or “I am” from others is the true ego ( Jacobs, 1995 ) . If there is sufficient attunement between the kid and the female parent so the babies ‘true self ‘ emerges from activity ‘s in the ‘transitional infinite ‘ ( Stevens, 1996 ) . But if a kid ‘s bodily maps are managed impersonally or if it is left entirely physically or mentally so it may try to place more with the head than the organic structure, go forthing the kid comprehending its ‘true ego ‘ as an ethereal intangible quality. ( Gomez, 1988 )
Potential Space
In order to give a topographic point for playing Winnicott proposed a self-contradictory dynamic dialectic place known as possible infinite between the babe and female parent. ( ogden, 1979 ) being a conjectural country which exists ( and can non be ) between female parent and kid, this possible infinite varies a great trade harmonizing to each kid ‘s life experience in relation to their female parent figure ( Winnicott, 1971 )
Early life experiences determine each person ‘s usage of this infinite, where each person has their most intense experiences. Each baby has favorable or unfavorable experience within this infinite where dependance is maximum, therefore possible infinite is merely in relation to a feeling of assurance relation to the environmental factors, this assurance is grounds of the dependableness that has being introjected by the person. ( Winnicott, 1971 ) .
Ogden ( 1979 ) proposed the each pole of the dialectic relationship within possible infinite creates, informs and negates the other as the kid moves from absolute to relative dependance.
Transitional Objects and Phenomina
Transitional objects are concerned with the first ownership and its relation to the intermediate country between subjective and nonsubjective perceptual experience of the kid ( Winnicott, 1971 ) . It is non the object that is transitional, but instead that object is the first manifestation of the babies changing position of the universe, switching from a internal psychic world to the external universe. ( Cooper, 1989 ) Unlike the female parent the transitional object is neither under internal control, nor is it outside external control ( Winnicott, 1971 ) being the first non me.
It stands for the chest and is a symbolic portion object ( Winnicott, 1951, p231 233 )
The kid can non populate without it. It must n’t be washed or altered, even if it becomes threadbare. The kid must be allowed to abandon it in its ain clip and its ain manner. It is non mourned ; it is left behind, ‘relegated to the oblivion of half-forgotten things at the oblivion of half disregarded things at the underside of a thorax of shortss, or at the dorsum of a the toy closet ‘ . ( Winnicott, 1971 )
Brody ( 1980 ) claimed transitional objects more cheering substitue ‘s for insufficient mothering than a cosmopolitan phenomenon, mentioning reduced happening in rural country ‘s ( Jacobs, 1995 ) . Play 88
Winnicott ‘s concern with drama arose from his involvement in a kid ‘s experience of the ‘transitional object ‘ . ( Cooper, 1989 )
Winnicott said “Play is vastly exciting because of the precariousness of the interplay of personal psychic world and the experience of control of existent objects” ( Cooper, 1989 )
Playing is the interplay between inter personal psychic world and the experience of control of existent objects, the unstable nature of playing is due to its being on the theoretical line between the subjective universe and the sensed one ( Winnicott, 1971 )
Winnicott agreed with Klein suggesting that certain facets of kids ‘s drama are external projections of their internal experiences with playthings going subjective objects ( Winnicott, 1965 ) and considered drama to be a cosmopolitan and healthy behavior ( Winnicott, 1971 )
The Capacity to be Entirely 124
Although the baby is entirely, the carer is still present in the general environment due to the presence of familiar objects ( Winnicott, 1971 )
The footing of the capacity to be entirely is a paradox, it is the experience of being entirely while person else is present. ( Cooper, 1989 )
Winnicott proposed that it is dependent on the presence of a good internal object, for this presence enables a feeling of assurance in the present and future. Sing the capacity to be entirely closely related to emotional adulthood, it ‘s footing is the experience of being entirely while in the presence of another, and is a extremely sophisticated phenomenon with many lending factors. ( Winnicott, P 1971 )
Hamalainen ( 1999 ) , proposed that everyone lives in the purdah of subjectiveness, sing the capacity to be entirely a capacity to digest the absence and deficiency of loneliness along with longing for intimacy, while simaltaniously basking the integrity and connexion of societal life.
Decision
The deficiency of critisism for Winnicotts work may be due to the fact that dispite his prolific composing he did non compose a comprihesive theory. ( Jacobs, 1995 )
Klein ‘s position is intrapsychic ( one individual ) where as Winnicott is interpersonal ( two-person ) ( Stevens, 305 ) ( RELATES TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ) MASCULINE FEMININE.
The premiss ‘s of Klein ‘s theory ‘s are subjective instead than nonsubjective and philosophical instead than scientific ( Gomez, p33 ) ,
Winnicott ‘s authorship manner is considered to be impressionistic than anylitical and although ( Gomez, p86-8 ) .
A positive facet of Klein ‘s theory is achievement of gratitude and love with societal dealingss can be achieved in the face of negative facets such as enviousness and greed ( Frosh, p127 )
Some consider Klein ‘s attack to be to deterministic, suggesting that she considers that events that happen in ulterior life have a negligible consequence on the psychic make-up developed in the kid ‘s formative period ( Segal, p91 ) .
Felix kleins perspective that it is non merely external influences that lead to childhood can be considered a of import counterbalance to the statement that it is strictly the mistake of parents when kids suffer jobs mentally ( Segal, p88 ) .
Those who are followings of Winnicott see a kid to be a far more benign and exploited animal than Kleinian followings, in Winnicotts book “The Child the Family and the Outside World” Winnicott expresses strong dissension with Klein ‘s proposal of a kid projecting personal hated and “bad” facets onto or into objects,
Critics of Klein see her work to be digressive to Fruedian thought in a extremely bad and antic manor observing that the forceful and certain manor of composing leads to hyperbole and overgeneralization ( Greenberg, p120 )
In defense mechanism of Klein it can be argued that those who critize her work do so as they fail to take a stopping point and balanced attack to her work and therefore concentrate entirely upon aggression with out sing the equilibrating factors of other motivations ( Greenberg, p120 )
It is claimed that the part of debatable characteristics of the kid ‘s environment such as household and life conditions are non taken into history for their constitution of original bad objects in the abnormal psychology in persons and it is claimed that Fairburn and Winnicot were able to research possibilities of external factors due to their non being encoumbered by attachement to Freud ‘s drive theoretical account of the human mind ( Greenberg, p147 )
Mentions
Adams, P ( 1988 ) . Winnicott. London: Penguin
Astor, J. ( 1989 ) . The Breast as Part of the Whole: Theoretical considerations refering whole and portion objects. Journal of Analytical Psychology. 34 ( 1 ) , 117-128.
Ad
Black, M, J ( 1995 ) . Freud and Beyond. New York: Basic Books.
Cooper, R ( 1989 ) . Thresholds Between Philosophy and Psychoanalysis. London: Free Association Books.
Fineill, J.S. ( 1985 ) . Projective Designation and Psychotherapeutic Technique. Thomas H. Ogden. New York: Jason Aronson, 1982, 236 pp.. Psychoanal. Rev. , 72:671-673.
Frosh, S ( 1987 ) . The Politics of Psychoanalysis. London: Macmillan Press.
Gomez, L ( 1988 ) . An Introduction to Object Relations. London: Free Association Books.
Greenberg J.R & A ; Mitchell S.A ( 1983 ) . Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory. London: Harvard University Press.
Hamalainen, O. ( 1999 ) . Some considerations on the capacity to be entirely. Scand. Psychoanal. Rev. , 22:33-47.
Hinshelwood, R.D ( 1991 ) . A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought. Sidmouth: Chase Publishing Services.
Hough, M ( 1998 ) . Conselling Skills and Theory. London: Hodder & A ; Stoughton Educational.
Jacobs ( 1995 ) . D.W.Winnicott. London: Sage Publications LTD.
Klein, M. ( 1946 ) . Notes on Some Schizoid Mechanisms. Int. J. Psycho-Anal. , 27:99-110.
Likierman, M ( 2001 ) . Melanie Klein: Her Work in Context. London: Continuum.
Mitchell, S, A ( 1988 ) . Relational Concepts in Psychoanalysis. London: Harvard University Press.
Newman K.M. ( 1996 ) . Winnicott Goes To The Movies: The False Self In Ordinary Peoples. Psychoanal Q. 65 ( 1 ) , 787-807.
Ogden, T.H. ( 1979 ) . On Projective Identification. Psycho-Anal. 60 ( 1 ) , 357-373.
Segal, H ( 1981 ) . Klein. London: Karnac Books.
Segal, J ( 1992 ) . Melanie Klein. London: Sage Publications.
Stevens, R ( 1996 ) . Understanding the Self. London: Sage Publications LTD.
Winnicott, D, W ( 1965 ) . The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Enviroment. London: The Hogarth Press.
Winnicott, D, W ( 1971 ) . Playing and Reality. London and New York: Routledge Classicss.
Bibliography
Astor, J. ( 1989 ) . The Breast as Part of the Whole: Theoretical considerations refering whol… J. Anal. Psychol. , 34:117-128.
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Mentions
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To Mrs. Klein, aggression necessarily distorts the kid ‘s image of the universe, doing him experience attacked with hatred whenever he is at all thwarted or deprived. Early environment may make much to increase, or lessen, this sense of persecution ; but a ‘bad ‘ place does non make it, nor does a good one prevent it from looking. Balint, M