Immanuel Kant was born in 1724 in Konigsberg, which is today the metropolis of Kaliningrad in the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast ( Watkins, 2002 ) . He was raised in a Pietist family that stressed intense spiritual devotedness, personal humbleness, and a actual reading of the Bible ( European Graduate School [ EGS ] , 2010 ) . Kant wrote legion plants in his life-time but most of Kant ‘s work on moralss is presented in two plants, The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals written in 1785, and the Critique of Practical Reason written in 1787 ( McCormick, 2006 ) .
In order to understand Kant ‘s ethical positions, his positions on responsibility, ground, freedom, and good will should be explored. Freedom plays an of import function in Kant ‘s moralss. A moral judgement presupposes freedom ( McCormick, 2006 ) . Besides, freedom is a impression of ground, so without the premise of freedom, ground can non continue. On the other manus, ground can merely be satisfied with premises that practical observation can non back up. Reason seeks cognition or apprehension that it can non grok ( Williams, 2009 ) .
The inquiry of moral action is an issue for rational existences. There is nil in a rational existences character to hesitate. It will ever fit the dictate of ground. Worlds are non entirely rational existences. We can either follow our natural inherent aptitude or non-rational impulse. Therefore, regulations of behavior are needed to steer homo ‘s actions.
Will is the ability to move harmonizing to the jurisprudence. Results of our actions are beyond our control. The lone thing we can command is the will behind the action. Morality of an act must be assessed in footings of the urge behind it. Kant says “ good will ” as the lone thing unconditionally good because it can non be used for sick intent.
Kant argued that moral demands are based on a criterion of reason he dubbed the Categorical jussive mood. Categorical jussive mood is defined as the criterion of reason from which all moral demands are derived ( Categorical jussive mood, 2007 ) . It is an imperative because it is a bid. It commands us to exert our volitions in a peculiar manner. It is categorical because it is unconditionally and applies to everyone at all times ( Hinman, 2006 ) . CI requires an independent will. It is the presence of this autonomous ground in each individual that Kant offered decisive evidences for sing each individual as possessed of equal worth and deserving of equal regard.
There are three axioms or categorical jussive moods that Kant ‘s theory are based on. The first categorical jussive mood is Universalisability which states that, “ Act merely harmonizing to that axiom whereby you can at the same clip will that it should go a cosmopolitan jurisprudence. ” The 2nd categorical jussive mood is the Law of Nature which states that, “ Act in such a manner that you treat humanity, whether in your ain individual or in the individual of any other, ever at the same clip as an terminal and ne’er simply as a agency to an terminal. ” The 3rd categorical jussive mood is known as the Kingdom of Ends provinces that, “ every rational being must so move as if he were through his axiom ever a legislating member in the cosmopolitan land of terminals ” ( Kant, n.d. , A¶ 43 ) .
The first axiom shows Kant ‘s ethical theory asserts that right actions are those that practical ground would will as cosmopolitan jurisprudence. In other words, if the class of action person plans to take can be willed upon everyone so it is an ethical pick ( Davison, 2006 ) . A moral axiom must hold catholicity and could be applied to any rational being.
The 2nd axiom is frequently seen as presenting the thought of regard for individuals, for whatever it is that is indispensable to humankind ( Johnson, 2004 ) . The 2nd axiom expounds on the perfect responsibility construct in forestalling development of others or anyone as a agency to an terminal.
The 3rd axiom combines the others in that it requires that we conform our actions to the axioms of a legislator of Torahs and that this lawmaker lays down cosmopolitan Torahs, adhering all rational volitions including our ain. The thought behind this preparation is that our cardinal moral duty is to move merely on rules which could gain credence by a community of to the full rational agents.
Kant used the term good will to specify the resoluteness to move strictly in conformity to one ‘s responsibility. He believed that utilizing ground, a individual could work out what one ‘s responsibility was. Good will is doing moral determinations without sing personal felicity or hurting turning away. Duty must be done whether a individual wants to or non ( Johnson, n.d. ) . Duty consists of bare regard for lawfulness. ten
Explanation of Watson ‘s Theory of Caring
Watson ‘s first major publication, Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring, began as a category notes for a class she was developing ( Tomey & A ; Alligood, 2002 ) . This publication was developed in 1979, and revised in 1985 and 1988. Harmonizing to Watson, the book emerged from her “ effort to convey significance and focal point to nursing as an emerging subject and distinguishable wellness profession with its ain unique values, cognition and patterns, with its ain ethic and mission to society ( Watson, 2007, A¶ 1 ) . Watson used the term “ carative factors ” to depict the model for the nucleus of nursing values. These carative factors complemented conventional medical “ healing factors ” by adding the theory of human caring to the medical focal point of remedy ( Watson ) . Watson ‘s major premises of the scientific discipline of caring in nursing are the undermentioned:
Caring can be efficaciously demonstrated and practiced merely interpersonally.
Caring consists of carative factors that result in the satisfaction of certain human demands.
Effective caring promotes wellness and single or household growing.
Caring responses accept individual non merely as he or she is now but as what he or she may go.
A lovingness environment is one that offers the development of possible while leting the individual to take the best action for himself or herself at a given point in clip.
Caring is more “ healthogenic ” than is bring arounding. A scientific discipline of lovingness is complementary to the scientific discipline of hardening.
The pattern of lovingness is cardinal to nursing ( Watson, 1979, p. 8 )
Watson based her theory for nursing pattern on 10 carative factors ( Watson, 1979, p. 9 ) . The first three factors served as the “ philosophical foundation for the scientific discipline of caring ” ( Watson, 1979, p. 10 ) .
The formation of a humanistic- selfless system of values.
Humanistic and selfless values are learned early in life but can be greatly influenced by others and life experiences. This factor is defined as satisfaction through giving and extension of the sense of ego ( Watson, 1979 ) .
The instillment of faith-hope.
This factor facilitates the publicity of holistic nursing attention by developing effectual nurse-patient relationship.
The cultivation of sensitiveness to one ‘s ego and to others.
The acknowledgment of feelings leads to self realizations through ego credence for both the nurse and the patient. When the nurse is able to admit their feelings, they are more sensitive to the feelings and demands of their patients.
The development of a helping-trust relationship
The development of a helping-trust relationship between the patient and the nurse is important for the look of both positive and negative feelings. This helping-trusting relationship develops resonance and lovingness. It involves congruity, empathy, nonpossessive heat, and effectual communicating ( Watson, 1979 ) .
The publicity and credence of the look of positive and negative feelings.
The look of feelings is a hazard taking experience for both the nurse and the patient. The nurse and the patient must be prepared for each minute of look.
The systematic usage of the scientific problem-solving method for determination devising
Use of the nursing procedure brings a scientific attack to determination devising.
The publicity of interpersonal teaching-learning.
This factor allows the patient to be good informed about their attention in order to take part in their program of attention and health care determinations. The nurse is the facilitator with the usage of teaching-learning techniques appropriate for the patient.
The proviso for a supportive, protective and /or disciplinary mental, physical, socio-cultural and religious environment.
The nurse must be cognizant of the external and internal factors that may impact the well being of the patient. The nurse besides must supply comfort, privateness and safety as a portion of this carative factor ( Watson, 1979 ) .
Aid with the satisfaction of human demands.
The nurse must acknowledge the biophysical, psychological, and intrapersonal demands of the patient. The patient must fulfill lower order demands before trying to achieve higher order demands. Watson suggested that the nurse besides must supply comfort, privateness and safety as a portion of this carative factor ( Current Nursing, 2009 ) .
The allowance for existential-phenomenological forces.
This factor helps the nurse position the patient holistically while go toing to the patient ‘s demands. Watson considers this factor to be hard to understand but is included to supply thought arousing experience taking to a better apprehension of the ego and others ( Watson, 1979 ) .
Nursing: Human Science and Human Care- A Theory of Nursing was published in 1985. The intent of the book was to turn to some of the jobs that still existed in nursing ( Tomey & A ; Alligood, 2002 ) . Her most recent book, Caring Science as Sacred Science ( 2005 ) , “ seeks to bridge paradigms every bit good as point toward transformative theoretical accounts for the twenty-first century ” ( Watson Caring Science Institute, 2009 ) .
As Watson continued to germinate her theory, she introduced the construct of clinical caritas procedure ( Watson, 2005 ) . The caritas procedure has greater religious dimension and open show of love compared to the original carative factors ( University of Colorado Denver, 2007 ) .
Embrace selfless values and pattern loving kindness with ego and others.
Instill religion and hope and award others.
Be sensitive to self and others by fostering single beliefs and patterns.
Develop assisting – trusting- lovingness relationships.
Promote and accept positive and negative feelings as you genuinely listen to another ‘s narrative.
Use originative scientific problem-solving methods for caring determination devising.
Share learning and larning that addresses the single demands and comprehension manners.
Make a healing environment for the physical and religious ego which respects human self-respect.
Aid with basic physical, emotional, and religious human demands.
Open to mystery and let miracles to come in ( Watson Caring Science Institute, 2007 ) .
Watson ( 1999 ) characterized a transpersonal lovingness relationship as a particular sort of human attention relationship that depended on the nurse ‘s moral committedness in protecting human self-respect, nurse ‘s caring consciousness to continue the corporal spirit, and to potentially mend because of this connexion ( Watson, 2007 ) . Transpersonal relationship is a deeper connexion of the head, organic structure and spirit, and the knowing lovingness for the whole being of the patient. The relationship is alone because the nurse and the patient conveying their individualism to the minute, and if a different nurse or patient is injected to the minute, a different experience would be.
Harmonizing to Watson ( 1999 ) , a lovingness juncture is the minute when the nurse and the patient come together with their singularity and an juncture for lovingness is created. During the minute that the nurse and the patient are together, each would make up one’s mind how to respond and to take advantage of the minute to mend and to portion. The whole caring-healing-loving consciousness is contained within a individual lovingness minute ( Watson, 2007 ) .
Explanation of Benner ‘s Novice to Expert theory
Benner has legion influences in her organic structure of work. She acknowledges that Virginia Henderson influenced her in her nursing thought ( Tomey & A ; Alligood, 2002 ) . She besides worked as a research helper for Richard Lazarus in University of California, Berkeley. He mentored her in the field of emphasis and header. Hubert Dreyfus was a doctrine professor at Berkeley during the clip Benner was acquiring her doctor’s degree grade. He introduced her to phenomenology. Hubert Dreyfus, together with Stuart Dreyfus, developed the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition which Benner applied in her work From Novice to Expert ( Benner, 1984 ) .
Benner ‘s work as the writer and the undertaking manager of a federally funded grant, Achievement Methods of Intraprofessional Consensus, Assessment, and Evaluation ( AMICAE ) led to the publication of From Novice to Expert ( Tomey & A ; Alligood, 2002 ) . Benner and Wrubel farther explained the background to this survey in The Primacy of Caring: Stress and Coping in Health and Illness ( Benner & A ; Wrubel, 1989 ) .
In the AMICAE undertaking, 1200 nurse participants completed questionnaires and interviews, with 51 participants observed by trained research workers. Paired interviews were conducted with dons and preceptees, and nurse clinicians with freshly graduated nurses and senior nursing pupils. These interviews “ aimed at detecting if there were distinguishable, characteristic differences in the novitiate ‘s and expert ‘s description of the same clinical incident ” ( Benner, 1984, p. 14 ) . The interviews besides “ described features of nurse public presentation at different phases of skill acquisition ” ( Benner, p. 15 ) . This survey led to the usage of Dreyfus ‘ five degrees of competence, viz. novice, advanced novice, competent, proficient, and expert, to depict skill acquisition in the nursing pattern. Each phase builds on the old one as the nurse additions clinical experience.
By analysing the transcript from the interviews, 31 competences emerged from the nurse ‘s elaborate description of patient attention. Each of these spheres was described with the related competences from the examples depicting nursing pattern ( Tomey & A ; Alligood, 2002 ) . From these competences, 7 spheres were derived harmonizing to similarity of map and purpose:
The assisting function
The teaching-coaching map
The diagnostic and patient-monitoring map
Effective direction of quickly altering state of affairss
Administering and supervising curative intercessions and regimens
Monitoring and guaranting the quality of health care patterns
Organizational work-role competences ( Benner, 1984 )
By utilizing the theoretical account in nursing pattern, Benner noted that “ experience-based accomplishment acquisition is safer and quicker when it rests upon a sound educational base ” ( Benner, p. nineteen ) .
Benner defined accomplishment and skill acquisition as the existent usage of skilled nursing intercession and clinical judgement accomplishments in existent clinical state of affairss ( Benner, 1984 ) . This accretion of nursing accomplishment and cognition is relevant merely when these accomplishments and cognition are used to better patient results and better patient attention.
Benner added to her research from the first survey to a six twelvemonth survey of 130 infirmary nurses, the bulk from the critical attention countries. She presented the consequences of the survey on her book Expertness in Nursing Practice: Lovingness, Clinical Judgment, and Ethical motives ( Benner, Tanner, & A ; Chesla, 1996 ) . Benner provinces, “ In the survey we found that analyzing the nature of the nurse ‘s bureau, by which we mean the sense and possibilities for moving in peculiar clinical state of affairss, gave new penetrations about how perceptual experience and action are both shaped by a pattern community. “ ( Benner et al. , p. twelve ) . Phase two of this survey besides produced nine spheres of critical attention nursing pattern. They are:
Diagnosing and pull offing vital physiological maps in unstable patients
The skilled know-how of pull offing a crisis
Supplying comfort steps for the critically ill
Caring for the patient ‘s households
Preventing jeopardies in a technological environment
Confronting decease: terminal of life attention and determination devising
Communicating and negociating multiple positions
Monitoring quality and pull offing dislocation
The skilled know-how of clinical leading and the coaching and mentoring of others ( Benner, Hooper-Kyriakidis, & A ; Stannard, 1999 ) .
With a sound educational base, nurses develop accomplishments and patient apprehension through clinical experiences. Benner proposed that the “ know-how ” or deriving of cognition and accomplishment can be acquired without the “ know-to ” or larning the theory ( Benner, 1984 ) . Significant clinical experience is a requirement to achieving the higher phases of skill acquisition ( Dracup & A ; Bryan-Brown, 2004 ) . ten
Application of Benner ‘s work in nursing pattern
Benner ‘s work, particularly the five phases of skill acquisition, has been applied in disposal, instruction, pattern, and research ( McEwen & A ; Wills, 2007 ) . Benner ‘s seven spheres of nursing functions have been used by Schools of nursing in their school doctrine ( Liberty University Department of Nursing, 2009 ) , and besides in many infirmary establishments ( Nuccio et al. , 1996, Alberti, 1991 ) . Benner ‘s novitiate to expert skill acquisition was used in set uping outlooks for both staff and disposal in the execution of laptops in the place attention puting ( Larrabee, 1999 ) . In another application of Benner ‘s degrees of accomplishment acquisition, the University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Nursing used Benner ‘s construct to set up protocols for the development of patient attention simulation for pupils ( Larew, Lessans, Spunt, Foster, & A ; Covington, 2006 ) . Benner ‘s theoretical account was besides used to steer nurses in taking attention of disabled kids in the school scene ( Pesata, 1994 ) . Benner ‘s skill acquisition model has besides been used in research ( Cusson & A ; Strange, 2008 ; Lyneham, Parkinson, & A ; Denholm, 2008 ; Fuller & A ; Conner, 1997 ; Maynard, 1996 ) .
Clinical Nursing Situation
All names used in this narrative have been changed to protect namelessness. Aaron was 28 old ages old when he was admitted in the community infirmary due to meningitis. He stayed in the infirmary due to complications like sepsis and bacteriemia. He lost a enormous sum of weight, and finally his musculuss atrophied, and his articulations became contracted. His parents were unable to get by with the state of affairs so they stopped sing him in the infirmary.
Aaron was transferred to the County infirmary where I worked. I foremost met Aaron when he was admitted to the intensive attention unit. He came in with sepsis and pneumonia which required him to be connected to the mechanical ventilator for support. His 80 lb thin frame was apparent particularly since he was six pes tall. The lone bid he could follow was to look at you.
For the whole hebdomad, I was assigned to him. I learned to alter the channels to any athleticss related shows. I would state him about athleticss games I watched or read approximately. He would merely look at me waiting to hear more. I learned to suction him without triping him to hold bronchospasm. By the terminal of the hebdomad, I saw the infirmary ‘s alleviative attention physician semen in to look into on the patient. The doctors, after much treatment with Aaron ‘s parents, decided to unplug Aaron on the weekend from the mechanical ventilator and to get down comfort steps every bit shortly as he was removed from the ventilator.
The following twenty-four hours, I was the nurse in charge of the whole unit. I was non ab initio assigned to Aaron but had to take over his attention when the nurse originally assigned to him could non manage the emotional state of affairs. As I walked in the room, I saw Aaron fighting. He was take a breathing aloud in the 40s. It sounded like a proverb traveling through a hollow tree. He was utilizing his accoutrement musculuss to take a breath. His bosom rate was dual where his baseline bosom rate was. He was sudorific. This was non a comfy decease.
I increased the morphia rate to 10 mgs per hr as ordered. I wet a washrag with cold H2O and started pass overing Aaron ‘s brow. He looked at me but alternatively of the sad expression, he had a painful expression and cryings in his eyes. I turned on the telecasting to the music channel where it was playing soft music. All these steps did non assist Aaron ‘s respiratory hurt. Aaron ‘s go toing physician walked in. He suggested giving a bolus of and get downing propofol trickle to ease Aaron ‘s respiratory hurt. I gave the bolus and started the propofol trickle.
Aaron was take a breathing in the 10s and his bosom rate was back to where his baseline was. Dr Herms sat down beside Aaron and held his manus. I continued to pass over his brow, and to speak to Aaron. A few proceedingss after get downing the propofol trickle, Aaron ‘s external respiration stopped and he passed off.
Application of Kant ‘s Ethical Theory
In order to adhere to the categorical jussive moods and as a consequence make ethical picks, one must distance oneself from their emotions. It is a affair of stepping out of ourselves and thought of the effects our determinations have on others.
In using the first CI by Kant, “ Act merely harmonizing to that axiom whereby you can at the same clip will that it should go a cosmopolitan jurisprudence ” ( Immanuel Kant, 2009, A¶ 44 ) , we must foremost explicate a axiom for the ground of the action. Second portion is to utilize that action as a cosmopolitan jurisprudence regulating all rational agents. The 3rd portion is whether to see the axiom as imaginable in a universe governed by Torahs. The last portion is whether you as an agent will move on the axiom. If you could make all stairss, the action is morally allowable. In this instance, a high dosage of ataractic and narcotic is given to assist with Aaron ‘s respiratory hurt. This action is allowable for terminal of life steps and is imaginable in today ‘s universe. Therefore, the disposal of high dosage of narcotics and depressants for respiratory hurt is morally allowable.
The 2nd CI states that “ Act in such a manner that you treat humanity, whether in your ain individual or in the individual of any other, ever at the same clip as an terminal and ne’er simply as a agency to an terminal ” ( Immanuel Kant, 2009, A¶ 44 ) . Aaron being a rational being demands regard. As a human being, Aaron has the right to decease peacefully and with less enduring. Any symptoms of his battle and agony should be addressed in order to accomplish his due terminal.
As the nurse who volunteered to take over a coworker ‘s assignment, I had the free will to take to assist or non. Since I know Aaron, I understand the state of affairs and hold with the program of attention. I was bound by my responsibility to assist Aaron decease with small or no hurting. The wellness attention suppliers assigned to Aaron ‘s instance had the right motivation to let him to hold a peaceable humane decease. ten
Application of Watson ‘s Theory of Caring
Embrace selfless values and pattern loving kindness with ego and others.
This system of values is what makes the nursing profession homo. Each nurse brings to the profession their ain set of selfless and humanistic values that each have learned in their life-time. In this instance, my value for a life is strong. My desire for each individual to decease with self-respect and with person by their side is of import. So even if I was busy that twenty-four hours being in charge, I dropped everything in order to help the doctor to give the necessary medicines, and merely merely to be at that place for Aaron until he passed off.
Instill religion and hope and award others.
This factor facilitates the publicity of holistic nursing attention and describes the nurse ‘s function in the development of effectual nurse-patient interrelatedness. Since I took attention of the patient for a hebdomad, I learned little niceties about the patient to cognize what his demands are. I had learned what athleticss teams he liked, and what sort of vocals he listened to. These may look little things, but when you look at a individual, you see everything about them. As nurses, we aim to further that religion of our patients in us that we are traveling to make what is best for them.
Be sensitive to self and others by fostering single beliefs and patterns.
The acknowledgment of feelings leads to self realization through self credence. It is difficult to cognize if Aaron has accepted his destiny ( since he was gestural ) , but personally, I was able to accept that everything was done for this patient. We had done everything that we could, and at that point we had to help him to his peaceable decease.
Develop helping-trusting-caring relationships.
The development of a helping-trusting-caring relationship involves empathy, heat, and effectual communicating. With the clip that I worked with Aaron, I told him the intervention, and activities we planned to make. I recognized that even if he was n’t able to voice his demands, he still had feelings and demands.
Promote and accept positive and negative feelings as you genuinely listen to another ‘s narrative.
The positive and negative look of feelings was more on the parents ‘ side. I ne’er saw his parents come to see in the forenoon but I have heard that the doctors and societal workers were in regular contact with the household. During the class of the terminal of life steps, there were treatments between the medical and nursing staff on how to do things easier for Aaron. Although Aaron was non able to verbally show his feelings, his gestural cues like facial grimacing, rupturing up, and labored external respiration was plenty to pass on his demands.
Use originative scientific problem-solving methods for caring determination devising.
After we extubated Aaron, he went into respiratory hurt, in malice of the morphia trickle and other medicines given. After acknowledging that the intervention was non effectual, the alleviative attention physician consulted another go toing doctor. A determination was made to give propofol. During the clip of treatment, other nursing steps were instituted like music, touch, and cold compress to the caput. The scientific job work outing method used involved appraisal, program, intervention, and rating of intervention given.
Share learning and larning that addresses the single demands and comprehension manners.
Although no active teaching-learning experience was done, Aaron was still informed of the intervention, medicine, and program of attention. The teaching-learning procedure was more dynamic between the nursing and medical staff about terminal of life steps. All the teaching-learning procedure was still directed towards the attention of Aaron.
Make a healing environment for the physical and religious ego which respects human self-respect.
I was focused on the equal hurting alleviation, supportive lovingness environment for Aaron. He was ne’er left entirely. All the health care suppliers were pass oning with Aaron what was being done.
Aid with basic physical, emotional, and religious human demands.
Biophysical, psychophysical, psychosocial and intrapersonal demands of the patient were attempted to be met. Harmonizing to the Aaron ‘s household, he was neither spiritual nor religious so that was respected.
Open to mystery and let miracles to come in
As Aaron ‘s wellness attention suppliers, we allowed ourselves to be instruments for his attention. The miracle is the go throughing off of enduring and start of after life for Aaron.
The transpersonal relationship between Aaron and I occurred from the minute I was assigned to him, and attempted to acquire to cognize his history and demands. We each brought our singularity to the relationship. My credence of Aaron ‘s state of affairs and my committedness to take attention of him helped further a healing environment for Aaron. The caring minute occurred whenever I would seek to happen out what his demands are, and trying to carry through his physical, societal, psychological, and religious demands.
Application of Benner ‘s Novice to Expert Theory
In using Benner ‘s work in the clinical example, the requirement in supplying appropriate nursing attention is through cognizing the patient. In this instance, acquiring to cognize Aaron was harder since he was gestural and his household was non at that place to reply inquiries sing Aaron. Benner called these patients the soundless patient ( Benner, 2002 ) . I worked in the critical attention unit for five old ages. This clip gave me the chance to get accomplishments in being attentive to patient ‘s demands particularly those who are sedated or paralyzed, and get cognition and outlooks in the patterned advance of disease and terminal of life steps.
In using Benner ‘s seven spheres of competences, I was able to utilize bulk of the maps. I was in the assisting function in pull offing Aaron ‘s hurting and uncomfortableness. The teaching-coaching map allowed me to train Aaron in decelerating down his external respiration. I was able to supervise Aaron ‘s patterned advance, and this allowed me to efficaciously pull off his altering state of affairs. I was able to administrate curative intercessions to ease Aaron ‘s hurting. Through it all, I was working with the wellness attention squad.
In Benner ‘s nine spheres of critical attention nursing pattern, I will concentrate on my map as supplying terminal of life attention for Aaron. Benner described deceasing as “ cardinal to human individuality, and it forms a portion of everyone ‘s history ( Benner, Kerchner, Corless, & A ; Davies, 2003, p. 558 ) . She farther provinces that “ alleviative attention should turn to symptom direction comprehensively and flexibly so that the individual ‘s comfort and self-respect are preserved ” ( Benner et al. , p. 558 ) .
As portion of the health care squad who provided attention to Aaron ‘s last hr, I made certain Aaron had a comfy dignified decease by supplying the best attention I have learned through all my old ages of clinical experience. ten
Decision